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Shqiponja e Shqipërisë

The Lahuta

In December 2025, UNESCO told the world what Albanians have known for centuries: the lahuta is worth protecting.

albanian elder playing the lahuta
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Albania’s Epic Song Tradition Earns UNESCO Recognition

Albania just earned its latest UNESCO recognition—not for a castle or an ancient ruin, but for a one-stringed instrument and the people who still know how to play it.

With it they acknowledged something uncomfortable: Albania’s oldest form of storytelling might disappear within a generation. The few master players left are mostly in their seventies and eighties. Their apprentices can be counted on two hands.

In December 2025, UNESCO inscribed the “Art of playing, singing and making the lahuta” on its List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. The decision put Albania’s oldest storytelling tradition on the same global stage as its polyphonic singing and iso-polyphony. For Albanians, this wasn’t a surprise. The lahuta has been central to northern highland culture for centuries. But international recognition carries weight, and it comes with funding, accountability, and a mandate to ensure the tradition survives.

If you grew up Albanian, you know the lahuta by reputation even if you’ve never seen one played. It’s referenced in literature, invoked in nationalist sentiment, tied to the highlands and the old ways. Gjergj Fishta named his national epic after it. Your grandfather probably mentioned it. But for most of us, especially those raised in cities or abroad, the lahuta exists more as symbol than lived experience. The masters who still perform are concentrated in a handful of northern villages and parts of Kosovo. There aren’t many left.

This article is for visitors who want to understand what they’re looking at—and for Albanians reconnecting with a tradition that belongs to all of us.

The Instrument Itself

The lahuta is a bowed, single-stringed instrument. Wooden body, usually maple or walnut, hollowed into a resonant bowl. An animal-skin membrane stretched across the sound box, typically goatskin. At the top of the neck, craftsmen carve decorative heads—most commonly a goat or ram, reflecting the pastoral highland culture where the instrument comes from. The string was traditionally horsehair. Some modern makers use nylon.

One string. That’s it.

The sound is not melodically complex. The lahuta creates a sustained, droning tone that supports the singer’s voice. The performer touches the string at different points to produce a handful of notes. There’s no fingerboard like on a violin. The music is monophonic, austere, hypnotic if you let it be.

The lahutar sits with the instrument upright, resting the sound box on one knee, drawing the bow across the string while singing lengthy narrative poems. Sometimes for hours. The voice carries the story. The instrument holds the space around it.

What the Songs Are About

The lahuta exists to accompany epic singing. Specifically, a body of oral poetry known as the Këngë Kreshnike: the Songs of the Frontier Warriors. Long narrative poems about legendary heroes, supernatural beings, battles, and honor codes. Passed down through memorization and performance, not writing.

The most famous characters are the brothers Mujo and Halil. Their stories involve fighting monsters, rescuing family members from fortresses, receiving help from mountain fairies called zana, upholding besa. Other epics center on Gjergj Elez Alia, who slays a seven-headed monster, or historical figures like Skanderbeg.

Think of it as Albania’s Iliad. Epic poetry that served for centuries as history, moral instruction, and entertainment combined. In villages where literacy was rare and written Albanian almost nonexistent, the lahuta songs taught each generation what their ancestors valued. Bravery. Loyalty. Kinship. Hospitality. Keeping your word.

Performances happened in the oda, the men’s guest room in highland houses, during winter evenings, family celebrations, or when honoring visitors. A skilled lahutar might sing for hours. Some epics stretched across multiple nights.

Where It Comes From

The lahuta’s homeland is the northern Albanian highlands. Malësia e Madhe near Shkodra and the Montenegro border. The Dukagjin plateau. Tropoja. In Kosovo, the Rugova highlands and western areas close to Albania.

These were remote, mountainous communities where oral tradition carried more weight than written records. Tribal culture. Strong family structures. The kind of places where a good story, well told, mattered.

The tradition took hits over the past century. Communism disrupted it. The Hoxha regime officially supported folklore but imposed ideological filters, banned certain content, altered the social settings where epic singing naturally occurred. Modernization did more damage. Urbanization. Migration. Television.

By the late 20th century, transmission had slowed. Fewer young people learned from their elders. The chain that had held for centuries started weakening.

Why UNESCO’s Decision Matters

UNESCO placed the lahuta on its urgent safeguarding list, not the standard representative list. That distinction matters.

The representative list is for thriving traditions. Serbia’s related gusle tradition was inscribed there in 2018 because it has formal associations, festivals, youth competitions, ongoing vitality.

The urgent safeguarding list is for traditions that are alive but at risk. For the lahuta, the risk is real. Most active performers are in their seventies or eighties. The craft of making the instruments is itself endangered, with only a handful of artisans still producing them. Transmission to youth has nearly stopped in most areas.

The inscription came with a three-year, $155,000 safeguarding project. Training workshops. Documentation of existing masters. Educational programs. Support for instrument-making.

Albania must report to UNESCO every four years on the tradition’s status. First report due in 2029. That creates accountability beyond the initial celebration.

Who’s Still Playing

Isa Elezi-Lekëgjekaj of Rugova, Kosovo. Often cited as one of the most important living epic singers. Extensive repertoire, recorded by researchers, performed at international folklore conferences. Scholars studying oral composition techniques—the same techniques that produced Homeric poetry—treat him as a living example.

Lumturije Nonaj from Malësia e Madhe. More than seventeen years performing on stage, inside Albania and internationally. She builds lahutas as well as plays them. Composes new lyrics alongside traditional material. One of the few women to break into a tradition that was historically male-dominated. She’s called the lahuta “the queen of all instruments.”

Jonuz Delaj of Kelmend. He learned as a child, has been playing for more than sixty years. Represents the old guard. In interviews, he talks about the tradition with love and with worry about who comes next.

These are not famous people. You won’t see them on television. But they’re the reason the tradition still exists.

Where Visitors Can Experience It

Options are limited. Be realistic about that.

The National Folklore Festival in Gjirokastër happens every five years. Next one is scheduled for 2028. Albania’s largest folklore event. Lahuta performers from northern regions have appeared in past editions.

Northern highland villages like Theth, Valbona, and communities in Malësia e Madhe sometimes offer informal opportunities. Some guesthouses have connections to local performers. More likely during shoulder seasons when there’s time. Ask your host. Nothing is guaranteed, but people appreciate the interest.

Cultural centers in Shkodra occasionally organize traditional music events. Worth checking with the Marubi Museum or local ethnographic institutions for schedules.

In Kosovo, the Rugova region has active practitioners. Cultural organizations in Peja hold evenings dedicated to epic songs from time to time.

Don’t expect a polished show. What you might find is better: an older performer in a small room, an audience that’s mostly local, no amplification, no tickets. That’s what the living tradition looks like.

Fishta’s Lahuta e Malcís

You can’t discuss the lahuta without mentioning Gjergj Fishta’s Lahuta e Malcís (The Highland Lute), published in 1937. More than 17,000 verses across thirty cantos. The closest thing Albania has to a national literary epic.

Fishta was a Franciscan priest and poet. He modeled the work explicitly on the oral Këngë Kreshnike, borrowing characters, metrical patterns, and stylistic elements. The subject is Albanian highland resistance against Slavic encroachment in the late 19th century, including events around the League of Prizren.

The poem was celebrated in Albania but banned in Yugoslavia for its anti-Slavic content. Later suppressed under Hoxha because Fishta was a priest and the regime was atheist. Most Albanians didn’t rediscover it until after 1990.

Today it’s considered a cornerstone of Albanian literature. Fishta is often called Albania’s national poet.

For visitors, the connection matters because Lahuta e Malcís turned the instrument into more than a folk artifact. It became a symbol. The title alone carries weight. When Albanians talk about the lahuta, Fishta’s epic is part of what they’re invoking.

An English translation by Robert Elsie and Janice Mathie-Heck came out in 2005 for readers who want to go deeper.

Çfarë vjen më pas

The UNESCO inscription is a starting point, not a conclusion. The safeguarding project will fund workshops and documentation. Whether that translates into a new generation of performers is a different question.

The tradition needs young people willing to learn something difficult, time-intensive, and not commercially viable in any obvious way. It needs instrument-makers to keep producing lahutas. It needs contexts where performances can happen naturally, not just at staged cultural events.

Tourism can play a role if it’s done right. Fair compensation for performers. Respect for the form. Not costume theater but something closer to what the tradition has always been: storytelling for an audience that came to listen.

The lahuta has survived the Ottomans, the communists, and decades of neglect. It’s still here. Whether it stays depends on what Albanians, at home and abroad, decide it’s worth.

If you’re visiting the northern highlands, ask about it. If you’re Albanian and haven’t heard a live performance, find one. The masters who remain won’t be here forever, but the tradition doesn’t have to end with them.

The UNESCO inscription of the lahuta can be found at ich.unesco.org. For more on Albanian intangible heritage, see our coverage of iso-polyphonic singing dhe Gjirokastër National Folklore Festival.

Sources & References

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Art of playing, singing and making the lahuta – Nomination summary and decision text.
https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/art-of-playing-singing-and-making-the-lahuta-02310

Albanian-American Development Foundation (AADF). Albania’s Lahuta Tradition Receives UNESCO Recognition with AADF Support. News release, 09 December 2025.
https://www.aadf.org/albanias-lahuta-tradition-receives-unesco-recognition-with-aadf-support/

Scaldaferri, N. & Neziri, Z. (2021). From the Archive to the Field: New Research on Albanian Epic Songs. Classics@Harvard.
https://classics.fas.harvard.edu
(Access via Harvard Classics / academic repositories)

Tirana Times. Albania and Serbia at odds over Lute. 2018.
https://www.tiranatimes.com
(Archived article; site search required)

Wikipedia. The Highland Lute (Lahuta e Malcís).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Highland_Lute

UNESCO Press Release No. 2018-102. Fifteen elements inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Port Louis, 29 November 2018.
https://ich.unesco.org/en/news/fifteen-elements-inscribed-on-the-representative-list-of-the-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-humanity-2018-102

Wikimedia Commons. Lahuta and Albanian epic singers (images by Albinfo, 2009; Arben L., 2012).
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Albanian_epic_poetry

Telegrafi (Kosovo). Profile of Lumturije Nonaj, female lahuta player. 2021.
https://telegrafi.com
(Article search required)

Euronews Albania. The Lahuta player of Kelmend – Interview with Jonuz Delaj. 2021.
https://euronews.al

Wikipedia. Albanian epic poetry.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry

Ilirët

Ilirët

Studiuesit modernë zhvarrosin një shoqëri luftëtarësh të anashkaluar të epokës së hekurit…
Shqipëria sot

Shqipëria sot

Duke iu afruar dy dekadave që nga aplikimi zyrtar për anëtarësim në BE,…

Enri Zhulati
Enri is a travel writer and journalist. He covers Albanian travel, history, culture, and politics for AlbaniaVisit.com

Kapitulli 6

Erërat e ndryshimit

Dëgjoni këtë kapitull

Tranzicioni i turbullt i Shqipërisë

Thunder rolled across Kennedy Airport's rain-slicked tarmac as I stood at the gate in July 1987, my diplomatic passport heavy in my breast pocket like a stone. Five years of representing Albania at the United Nations had taught me to wear authority like armor, but today that armor felt paper-thin. Beyond the terminal's vast windows, an Alitalia jet waited to carry me home to a country that had begun to view me as foreign, perhaps even dangerous.

The whispers had begun weeks earlier. My replacement at the Albanian Mission, Sazan Bejo, arrived bearing veiled warnings over coffee that tasted suddenly bitter. "Be careful, Ilia," he'd murmured, eyes scanning the Manhattan café for potential listeners. "Things are... complicated at home." Letters from Tirana carried cryptic messages between their lines. My brother, who had always been my protector since childhood, wrote of "unusual interest" in my return. My cousin, a driver for foreign dignitaries, overheard conversations in hotel lobbies that made him say: "They are watching your arrival closely."

Though these warnings lacked concrete evidence, they hung over me like the storm clouds gathering outside the terminal windows. The thought of seeking political asylum had flickered briefly in my mind during sleepless nights, but my daughter remained in Albania, still living under the watchful eye of the communist regime. What retribution might fall on her innocent head if I refused to return? I kept these fears from my wife, whose dark eyes nevertheless reflected her own unspoken anxiety.

"Final boarding call for Alitalia Flight 457 to Rome, continuing on to Tirana," the announcement sliced through my thoughts. I tightened my grip on my carry-on bag and turned to my wife and young son. The moment of decision had arrived.

Two weeks earlier, I had shared a final dinner with Dr. Mike Zotos, a dear friend and Columbia University-educated psychologist whose Greek heritage connected him to the Balkans in ways few Americans could understand. The restaurant's warm lighting had softened the edges of our conversation, but not its substance.

"They're recalling you because you've become too independent," Mike had said, a wine glass held halfway to his lips. "You've seen too much of the outside world."

"Perhaps," I replied, studying the tablecloth's pattern. "Or perhaps they simply need me elsewhere."

Mike's skeptical expression had said everything. Over the years, he and his wife Tulla had become like family to us, their home a sanctuary of warmth and understanding. Years later, after I had returned to America as a graduate student in Wisconsin, the news of Mike's passing would reach me through Tulla's tearful phone call, a reminder that some bonds transcend politics and borders.

Under orders, my wife, young son, and I now boarded the plane. The cabin's stale air carried the scent of cigarettes and cheap cologne. As we took our seats, I felt the weight of two worlds pulling at me – the America that had expanded my horizons, and the Albania that still owned my future. The aircraft shuddered as it lifted into the gray New York sky, and I wondered if I was flying toward my destruction.

Tirana's airport greeted us with the familiar scent of diesel and dust. My eyes scanned the terminal for plainclothes security officers, searching for the telltale bulge of shoulder holsters beneath ill-fitting jackets. To my cautious relief, there were none waiting. Yet the absence of any Foreign Ministry representative to greet a returning diplomat spoke volumes about my uncertain status.

Instead, a lone official Mercedes – an old model showing the wear of diplomatic service – idled at the curb. The driver nodded curtly; he had been sent by Llambi Gegprifti, the mayor of Tirana, a trusted confidant from my earlier days. This unexpected gesture brought a mixture of comfort and unease. At customs, officers examined our luggage with unusual thoroughness, opening even the small suitcase containing my son's toys. Their faces revealed nothing as they waved us through.

The road into Tirana revealed a city unchanged yet somehow diminished since my departure. The same concrete apartment blocks, the same propaganda billboards celebrating the Party's triumphs, the same old men playing chess in the park – but everything seemed grayer, more worn at the edges. Had Albania always been this way, or had my eyes been altered by America's vibrancy?

The following evening found us in Mayor Gegprifti's home, where the rich aroma of traditional tavë kosi – baked lamb with yogurt – filled the dining room. Gegprifti's past roles as Minister of Industry and Mines and Deputy Minister of Defense had endowed him with a keen eye for political currents. Known for his fairness and open-mindedness, he represented a rare breed in Albania's political ecosystem – a man of integrity who had somehow survived the system's hungry appetite for conformity.

Over glasses of raki, the clear spirit catching the light, we exchanged news and memories. I carefully sidestepped any mention of my troubled relationship with our UN ambassador, focusing instead on diplomatic anecdotes that painted Albania in a favorable light. Yet Gegprifti's perceptive eyes caught the shadows behind my carefully chosen words.

"You seem troubled, my friend," he said quietly as his wife stepped out to check on dessert.

"Just tired from the journey," I replied, the lie sitting heavy on my tongue.

He nodded, respecting my reticence, and smoothly steered the conversation toward lighter topics – his daughter's university studies, the promising olive harvest this year. But the undercurrent remained, electric and unspoken. We both knew that in Albania of 1987, silence often carried more truth than words.

Years later, I would remember this evening with particular poignancy when news reached me of Gegprifti's passing in May 2023, at 81. After being accused of "funds abuse" in 1993, only to be acquitted on appeal, he left Albania in 1995. Later entangled in allegations of crimes against humanity that were eventually dropped during the unrest of 1997, he had lived his final years in modest circumstances with his wife Fanika. The contrast between his simple apartment and the opulent villas of Albania's new political elite, who amassed fortunes through dubious means, spoke volumes about the nation's transformation.

The warm reception at Gegprifti's home evaporated like morning mist when I stepped into the Foreign Ministry the next day. The marble halls, once familiar as my own heartbeat, now felt cold and forbidding. Colleagues averted their eyes or offered smiles that never reached them. Whispers followed me like shadows as I made my way to my old office, now occupied by someone else.

"Comrade Zhulati," the receptionist said, the formal address telling me everything I needed to know about my changed status. "You are expected at the Department of Political Intelligence tomorrow morning at nine. The Party Secretary will be present."

I nodded, keeping my face carefully neutral. So it had begun – the reckoning I had feared since receiving my recall orders.

"The Party never forgets, Comrade Zhulati," she added, her voice lowered. "Neither its heroes nor its... disappointments."

That night, I sat at our apartment window, watching the lights of Tirana flicker in the distance. My wife moved quietly behind me, unpacking our belongings, arranging our sparse furniture into the semblance of a home. Neither of us mentioned tomorrow's meeting. Some fears are too large for words, casting shadows that swallow conversation whole.

My path to the diplomatic posting in New York had been fraught with political obstacles from the beginning. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, discovering my wife's family ties to a political prisoner – her uncle, imprisoned for the crime of criticizing the regime's prioritization of bunkers over housing – had initially blocked my appointment. Only President Ramiz Alia's direct intervention, recognizing my linguistic skills and diplomatic potential, had secured the coveted position.

Yet even in New York, thousands of miles from Albania, the regime's paranoia had reached across oceans to monitor my every move. My predecessor at the UN Mission, the party secretary of the Department of Political Intelligence, had spent more time monitoring Albanian émigré radio broadcasts than engaging in actual diplomacy. His English had been rudimentary at best, his diplomatic skills nonexistent. I, by contrast, had focused on building bridges, delivering speeches, exercising Albania's Right of Reply in UN committees, and cultivating relationships with journalists and diplomats from across the political spectrum.

Our approaches could not have been more different, and therein lay my vulnerability. I saw Albanian émigrés not as enemies of the state but as disillusioned patriots who still loved their homeland, if not its government. This view, which I had dared to express in a confidential memo to President Alia, was heresy in a system where ideological purity trumped pragmatic engagement.

That evening, a knock at our door startled us. A colleague from the Ministry stood outside, his face tense with unease. "I was in the neighborhood," he said, the transparent lie hanging between us. Over coffee and raki, we exchanged pleasantries until my wife discreetly withdrew to put our son to bed.

"They sent me to gauge your defense for tomorrow," he finally admitted, voice barely above a whisper. "The department is...concerned about your testimony."

I thanked him for his honesty, for risking his own position to warn me. "Tell them I will speak the truth as I see it," I said simply. "Nothing more, nothing less."

After he left, I sat alone in our small living room, listening to the unfamiliar sounds of Tirana after years in Manhattan. A dog barked in the distance; someone's radio played folk music through an open window; a couple argued in the apartment above. These ordinary sounds of life continuing, oblivious to the political currents that might soon sweep me away, brought an unexpected comfort. Whatever happened tomorrow, Albania would continue its slow, painful evolution toward whatever future awaited it.

The Department of Political Intelligence occupied the fourth floor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building, its windows narrow as if suspicious of too much light. Inside, the smell of floor polish and stale cigarette smoke mingled with the distinctive scent of fear – a smell I had almost forgotten during my years in America.

I was ushered into a conference room where a long table dominated the space. Deputy Prime Minister Isai sat at one end, his presence a clear indication of the meeting's importance. Though we had met several times before, his greeting was curt, his eyes avoiding mine. The party secretary opened proceedings with ominous formality.

"Comrade Zhulati, this meeting has been convened to address serious concerns about your activities during your posting in New York."

The Party Secretary of the Ministry of Interior, an elderly man whose face seemed permanently set in disapproval, took over. His voice, weathered by decades of tobacco, scraped through the room like a rusted blade.

"We have reports that you have been contaminated by Western influences," he began, emphasizing each syllable as if teaching a child. "Your interactions with Albanian émigrés – known enemies of our socialist state – raise questions about your ideological commitment. Your conversations with American journalists, particularly with the Voice of America's Dr. Biberaj, suggest a dangerous susceptibility to imperialist propaganda."

As he continued cataloging my supposed transgressions, I studied the faces around the table. Some showed genuine ideological fervor; others merely performed the expected outrage; a few – mostly younger officials – kept their expressions carefully neutral, revealing nothing.

When my turn came to speak, I rose slowly, feeling the weight of every eye in the room. The silence stretched taut as a wire.

"Comrades," I began, the familiar address feeling strange on my tongue after years of 'ladies and gentlemen' at the UN. "I have served Albania with unwavering loyalty for my entire career. In New York, I represented our nation with dignity and effectiveness, raising our profile in international forums where previously we had been invisible."

I turned to address the party secretary directly. "You claim I have been influenced by Western decadence, yet offer no evidence beyond my professional contacts with journalists and diplomats – contacts essential to my role. You suggest my conversations with Dr. Biberaj indicate disloyalty, yet have you actually read his analyses? They are often more nuanced and fair to Albania than many European commentaries."

Regarding the émigrés, I argued that the world had changed. "Albania in 1987 is not Albania of 1950. The geopolitical landscape has shifted, and these scattered communities no longer pose the threat they once did. Many simply wish to reconnect with their homeland, to contribute to its development."

I reminded them that I had voiced similar views directly to President Alia, demonstrating my commitment to honest counsel even when politically inconvenient. "What benefit would it serve Albania to continue treating every expatriate as an enemy? What diplomatic advantage does such isolation bring us?"

Turning to the party secretary, a man whose diplomatic achievements were negligible, I drew the contrast with my own record. "During my time in New York, I delivered numerous speeches in the UN General Assembly and its committees. I exercised Albania's Right of Reply against Britain on the Corfu Channel issue, defending our sovereignty in a forum where such defenses are heard by the entire world. I built relationships with key journalists who now cover Albania with greater understanding."

My voice rose slightly as I reached my conclusion. "What interests could possibly have been harmed by these efforts? After decades of isolation, my work has enhanced Albania's standing and visibility. The world is changing around us, comrades. We must adapt our diplomatic approach to this new reality or risk being left behind."

I saw Deputy Prime Minister Isai's expression shift slightly – a momentary flicker of recognition, perhaps even respect. Several younger officials nodded almost imperceptibly. But the hard-liners remained unmoved, their faces set in ideological stone.

The meeting concluded with a formal reprimand – a mild punishment by Albanian standards, but a black mark on my record nonetheless. As a final act of petty retribution, they reassigned me to the Italian desk, deliberately reducing my role. Yet their shortsightedness soon became apparent as the political landscape shifted. Within months, they found themselves forced to rely on my expertise, expanding my responsibilities to include the crucial U.S., German, and British portfolios.

That evening, I sought out Mayor Gegprifti, my most steadfast ally in the system. Over dinner at a small restaurant where the owner knew to give us a private corner, I recounted the day's events. Gegprifti listened carefully, his weathered fingers turning his wine glass in slow circles.

"You spoke the truth to them," he said finally. "That is both your greatest strength and your most dangerous flaw, my friend."

He shared that he had jokingly asked Interior Minister Isai how many medals I deserved instead of a reprimand. "Isai almost smiled," Gegprifti added. "Almost."

Later, I learned that Gegprifti had cornered Foreign Minister Malile at a diplomatic reception, championing my cause with the persistence of a man who understood power's mechanics intimately. This intervention, combined with Deputy Prime Minister Isai's awareness of my reputation among foreign diplomats, allowed me to retain my position despite the formal censure.

Just weeks after my return, in late August 1987, an unexpected visitor arrived in Albania. Professor Charles Moskos, the distinguished Northwestern University military sociologist, appeared with his wife Ilka. Though the Department had assigned another guide to the American academic couple, Moskos insisted that I accompany them – a request that raised eyebrows but could not be refused without creating a diplomatic incident.

The real purpose of Moskos's visit was transparent to those who understood the subtle language of diplomatic gestures. He had come to ensure I hadn't been imprisoned or worse. His presence sent a clear message to the regime: this Albanian diplomat had powerful friends watching out for his welfare.

Acting Prime Minister Isai, demonstrating unexpected political finesse, personally arranged for me to escort the couple and secured them rooms at Tirana's finest hotel. Deputy Prime Minister Isai called me to his office and ordered me to take Professor Moskos for a special dinner at Dajti Hotel, the best hotel in Albania at the time, a place reserved for dignitaries and diplomats. I took with me also my office friend who had met with Prof. Moskos and his wife Ilka first. During the dinner, Prof. Moskos reiterated the importance of restoring diplomatic relations between Albania and the US and urged that I inform president Alia to take a decision over this important matter. I promised Professor Moskos that I was going to write to president Alia about Professor Moskos coming to Albania and about his appeal that Albania restore diplomatic relations with the US, something important for its strategic and economic development of the country.

The next morning I went to meet again with Prof. Moskos for coffee. Prof. Moskos told me that his wife Ilka was pretty sick from an ear infection for the whole night and asked me if I could get her to an ear specialist.

I immediately arranged for her treatment at a hospital in Tirana, remaining by her side to ensure she received proper care. Moskos's gratitude was profound and genuine. As we walked the hospital corridors together, he squeezed my shoulder.

"We were worried about you, Ilia," he said quietly, when no one else could hear. "Word reached us about your... difficulties."

"I'm still standing," I replied with a small smile. "For now."

"Keep standing," he said, his academic demeanor giving way to something more urgent. "People are watching, and they care what happens to you."

This brief exchange, five sentences total, communicated volumes. In those words lay the assurance that I wasn't forgotten, that beyond Albania's isolated borders, people of influence were aware of my situation. It was a lifeline thrown across ideological divides, a human connection that transcended Cold War barriers.

As 1989 dawned, the winds of change blowing through Eastern Europe became impossible to ignore. Gorbachev's reforms were reshaping the Soviet Union; Poland was negotiating with Solidarity; Hungary was dismantling its border fence with Austria. Yet in Albania, hardliners clung desperately to power, seemingly oblivious to the tectonic shifts occurring around them.

The accusations against me – of being "poisoned" by American ideology and harboring dangerous sympathies for émigrés – revealed how profoundly my accusers misunderstood global affairs. Their worldview remained frozen in the Stalinist ice age, unable to adapt to the thawing international environment.

The irony was not lost on me. Before my return to Albania in late 1987, I had witnessed the Czechoslovakian Prime Minister deliver a historic speech at the UN General Assembly advocating for greater freedom. The thunderous applause that followed had included my own enthusiastic contribution, much to the bewilderment of my Eastern Bloc colleagues. Now, in Tirana, my attempts at pragmatic diplomacy were met with suspicion and scorn by men who had never set foot outside our borders.

By early 1990, the first real cracks were appearing in Albania's hermetic isolation. When Interior Minister Simon Stefani succeeded Isai, I sensed an opportunity. During a meeting in his office – the same office where I had been reprimanded years earlier – I made a bold declaration.

"Minister Stefani," I said, "I will participate in the proposed Vienna summit with Professor Moskos only if President Alia explicitly endorses our efforts toward rapprochement with the United States."

Stefani, momentarily taken aback by my audacity, promised to consult with the president directly. For two days, I waited in a state of suspended animation, unsure whether I had overplayed my hand.

When Stefani summoned me back to his office, his expression gave nothing away. He handed me a document bearing President Alia's official seal.

"If Mr. Zhulati firmly believes that Professor Moskos' colleagues genuinely seek to restore ties between Albania and the United States," the presidential directive read, "assure him that Albania is equally ready for formal bilateral negotiations."

With a wry smile that cracked his typically stern demeanor, Stefani remarked, "You've become quite indispensable, Ilia."

That evening, I shared the news with Mayor Gegprifti over dinner at his home. "Any idea why I'm unexpectedly traveling to Austria?" I asked playfully as we awaited our appetizers.

His puzzlement turned to astonishment as I revealed our mission to finalize the time and place for initiating Albanian-American diplomatic reconciliation. "Oh, that is wonderful!" he exclaimed, his face suddenly years younger. "This is very important, Ilia!" We raised our glasses, toasting to a future neither of us had dared imagine possible.

To my surprise, Gegprifti had been completely unaware of this diplomatic initiative. It seemed President Alia had kept secret meetings with Moskos confidential for five years, from 1985 to 1990, even from his Foreign Minister, Reis Malile. This revelation puzzled me, especially considering Malile's criticism of my views on the émigré community during our contentious meeting in New York in 1986.

I could only conclude that President Alia, ever the strategic thinker, was playing a delicate game. The power struggle between conservative and reformist factions within the Politburo remained fierce. Alia's private desire to establish diplomatic relations with the United States was balanced against his fear of alienating Enver Hoxha's widow, Nexhmije, who still wielded considerable influence among the old guard. By keeping these diplomatic overtures secret, he maintained plausible deniability while testing the waters of international engagement.

Vienna in early April 1990 greeted me with a riot of spring blossoms and a sense of possibility that had long been absent in Tirana. My old friend Ilir Cepani, First Secretary at the Albanian embassy, met me at the airport with a warm embrace. As he drove me through the imperial city's streets, past buildings whose elegance made our Stalinist architecture seem all the more grim by comparison, Cepani chatted about local diplomatic gossip, blissfully unaware of my mission's true purpose.

On April 3, 1990, I entered the elegant Hotel Imperial to meet Professor Moskos for lunch. The restaurant's crystal chandeliers and velvet draperies created an atmosphere of refinement that felt almost surreal after years in Albania's austerity. Prof. Moskos rose as I approached, his face alight with anticipation. After exchanging pleasantries about our families, he sensed from my demeanor that I carried significant news.

"Professor Moskos," I said with a smile I couldn't suppress, "this lunch is on you today."

He laughed, his academic reserve momentarily dissolving. "Don't worry, I have a blank check from the U.S. government."

As the waiter poured a celebratory wine – not the sort one found at casual diplomatic lunches – I raised my glass. "We won," I declared, meeting his eager gaze across the starched tablecloth. "I am here on behalf of President Alia to inform you that Albania is ready to restore diplomatic relations with the United States."

Our glasses clinked, the sound crystalline and perfect, echoing the triumph of years of quiet diplomacy. Empowered to choose the time and place for formal talks, Moskos didn't hesitate. "How about the first week of May at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York?" he proposed.

I readily agreed, feeling the weight of history in that simple nod. After decades of hostility and isolation, after countless missed opportunities and false starts, the door was finally opening.

"I'm going straight to Washington tomorrow," Prof. Moskos declared, his voice charged with purpose. "By this time next week, the wheels will be in motion."

As we left the restaurant and walked through Vienna's cobblestoned streets, a lightness entered my step that had been absent for years. The following day, over coffee at a café near the Hofburg Palace, Moskos shared encouraging news from his American government contacts.

"Ambassador James Woolsey sends his regrets for missing our meeting," he said. "But he wanted me to assure you of Washington's unwavering support for Albania and Kosovo. His exact words were: 'No one will touch them.'" This promise would prove prescient in the years to come, a diplomatic lifeline during the region's darkest hours.

The conversation then took a lighter turn as Moskos mused about possibly becoming the first U.S. ambassador to Albania "if my wife would allow it," he added with a chuckle. Though said in jest, the comment revealed the depth of his commitment to bridge-building between our nations.

As we parted, I sensed the bittersweet nature of our farewell. Our paths were diverging – Prof. Moskos to Washington to formalize what we had begun, I would return to Tirana to navigate the treacherous political currents that still threatened to capsize our fragile vessel of diplomacy. Yet the impact of our work would endure beyond our personal journeys.

Upon my return to the Albanian embassy in Vienna, I discovered that my friend Cepani had weathered an interrogation from Professor Lazeri, President Alia's special advisor. Lazeri, whose academic arrogance was legendary, had been incensed to hear me referred to as "Professor Zhulati" during my visit – a title he considered his exclusive domain. Cepani, demonstrating the diplomatic skill that had earned him his posting, had smoothly explained that I had once been his English teacher, a harmless clarification that nevertheless failed to soothe Lazeri's wounded pride.

Back in Tirana on April 8, 1990, I briefed President Alia on the positive reception of Albania's overture. Four days later, he publicly declared Albania's willingness to establish diplomatic relations with both the United States and the Soviet Union – a dramatic shift that left many in the diplomatic community stunned.

The first formal meeting between Albanian and American delegations in early May 1990 at UN Headquarters proceeded with cautious optimism. Decades of mistrust could not be dispelled in a single session, and Ambassador Pitarka, heading our delegation, returned to Tirana seeking further clarification on specific terms.

Behind the scenes, I wondered how President Alia's advisor, Professor Lazeri – that staunch conservative with his deep-seated suspicion of all things Western – would react as these developments unfolded. Perhaps Alia, demonstrating the strategic acumen that had kept him in power through turbulent times, was deliberately keeping his advisor in the dark until the agreement was too far advanced to derail.

Despite initial momentum, the machinery of the Albanian bureaucracy ground painfully slowly. It wasn't until March 15, 1991, nearly a year after our Vienna meeting, that Foreign Minister Muhamet Kapllani officially signed the memorandum restoring diplomatic relations. This moment represented the culmination of six years of careful work by Professor Moskos and myself, a partnership that had begun in whispers and culminated in formal recognition.

As I watched the signing ceremony, broadcast on Albanian television, a complex emotion washed over me – pride in what we had accomplished, certainly, but also a wistful awareness that Albania opening its doors to America was already changing in ways none of us could fully predict. The future stretched before us, unwritten and uncertain, but at least now we would not face it in isolation.

The shadows of the past still loomed large, and the challenges of rebuilding trust after decades of hostility remained daunting. Yet as spring bloomed across Tirana in 1991, hope began to take root alongside the flowers. The future of Albania was being rewritten, and I had played my small part in that transformation.

During these years of diplomatic maneuvering, my academic aspirations had quietly persisted, a parallel life waiting in the wings. In 1987, I had contacted Thomas Bishop, a linguistics professor at New York University, and his Albanian-American wife, Helen, about visiting Albania once diplomatic ties were restored. The prospect filled them with excitement – Helen would be returning to her ancestral homeland, a journey of both geographic and emotional significance.

Our initial encounter in New York had been facilitated by Leonidas, an Albanian-Greek restaurateur who frequented our events at the UN mission. His own story was emblematic of the diaspora's complexity: fluent in Greek and English but not his native Albanian, he had fled with his father before liberation in 1944, leaving behind his mother and sisters. His annual pilgrimages to Albania continued until his mother's passing, each visit a bittersweet renewal of severed ties.

When the Bishops finally visited in 1990, I arranged for them to be officially invited as "friends of Albania." Over dinners in Tirana, we exchanged stories that spanned continents and ideologies. The Bishops' eagerness to explore Helen's heritage filled me with hope that the barriers between Albania and its far-flung children might finally be dissolving.

During one particularly candid conversation, I confided in Professor Bishop my own academic aspirations. With characteristic generosity, he offered to leverage his connections at the Sorbonne on my behalf. Weeks later, as Albania continued its halting progress toward openness, a letter arrived at my doorstep in Tirana – an invitation to join the prestigious Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Historiques et Physiologiques as an assistant professor and doctoral candidate.

This opportunity represented more than personal advancement; it offered a graceful exit from Albania's increasingly volatile political scene. As 1990 drew to a close, I found myself at the convergence of two paths: one continuing my work in Albania's diplomatic service during this historic transition, the other pursuing academic scholarship in Paris. Both promised to contribute to my homeland's development, though in vastly different ways.

The foundations I had helped lay for diplomatic relations with the United States were beginning to bear fruit. Yet increasingly, I sensed that my future contributions might come through academic rather than diplomatic channels. The Sorbonne invitation represented a bridge between worlds – a chance to bring Western knowledge back to an Albania desperately in need of new ideas and approaches.

As spring approached in 1991, a different Albania was emerging from decades of isolation – an Albania taking its first tentative steps toward democracy, even as I prepared for my own journey of transformation. The diplomatic breakthrough with the United States, culminating in our Vienna meeting and the subsequent formal recognition, had fulfilled my promise to Professor Moskos. Now, as Albania navigated the turbulent waters of democratic transition, a new chapter beckoned from the City of Light.

I stood at my ministry window on my last day before departure, watching Tirana's streets below. The same buildings stood as before, the same mountains ringed the horizon, but everything felt charged with potential. Change had come to Albania at last – halting, uncertain, but undeniable. And change was coming for me as well, carrying me toward Paris and whatever future awaited beyond.

[Fundi i kapitullit 6]

 

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